How to upload a cape to MinecraftCapes
Vanilla Minecraft only shows capes Mojang gave you, so a cape you picked or drew needs a cosmetics mod to render. MinecraftCapes is the one with the largest audience, which matters: only other people who also run it will see what you are wearing. Ten minutes, start to finish.
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Pick the cape first
Grab the PNG before you touch the mod - it is easier to test with something you actually want. Any cape on this site downloads free in HD or 64x32.
Take the 64x32 if you are unsure. It works everywhere; HD only helps on mods that support it.
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Install the mod loader
MinecraftCapes is a mod, so it needs Fabric or NeoForge under it. Run the loader installer for your Minecraft version, then launch the game once so the profile is created and the mods folder exists.
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Drop the mod in
Put the MinecraftCapes jar in .minecraft/mods, next to the loader. Download it from the project itself or from Modrinth or CurseForge - a cosmetics mod is popular enough to be repackaged with something else and reposted.
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Launch and sign in
Start Minecraft on that profile. The mod authenticates through your game session, so there is nothing to type. If a page ever asks for your Minecraft password, close it - no cape mod needs it.
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Upload the PNG
Open the mod's upload page while the game is running and give it the file. It is tied to your account, not to the world or the server, so it follows you everywhere.
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Check it in game
Press F5 twice to look at yourself from the front, then once more to get back. The cape hangs from the shoulders and sways as you walk.
Nothing there? Work through the cape-not-showing tutorial - it is almost always one of four things.